Shia Islam is one of the two primary branches of Islam, alongside Sunni Islam. The term “Shia” comes from Shīʿatu ʿAlī, meaning “the party of Ali,” highlighting their belief that leadership of the Muslim community rightfully belonged to Ali ibn Abi Talib—the Prophet Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law—and his descendants.

Origins and Historical Background

Shia Islam originated from a political and spiritual disagreement following the death of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in 632 CE. While the majority of Muslims (later known as Sunnis) accepted Abu Bakr as the first caliph, Shias believed that Ali had been divinely appointed as the Prophet’s rightful successor.

Over time, this dispute evolved into a distinct religious identity, shaped by unique theological principles and historical experiences. One of the most defining and tragic events in Shia history is the martyrdom of Imam Husayn, the Prophet’s grandson, at the Battle of Karbala in 680 CE. This event remains a powerful symbol of resistance against tyranny and is central to Shia devotion and commemoration, especially during Ashura.

Core Beliefs

While Shia Muslims share fundamental Islamic beliefs—such as the oneness of God, the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ, and the divine authority of the Qur’an—they also hold distinct theological concepts, including:

• Imamate: In contrast to the Sunni caliphate, Shias believe in a divinely appointed line of spiritual leaders known as Imams. These Imams are considered infallible, divinely guided, and entrusted with both spiritual and temporal leadership. The largest Shia group, the Twelvers (Ithna Ashariyyah), recognize a succession of twelve Imams.

• Justice (Adl): Shia theology places a strong emphasis on divine justice and human accountability. It is one of the five core principles (Usul al-Din) in Shia belief, underscoring the importance of moral integrity and social responsibility.

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